---
id: 901119
card_url: "https://mdrss.com/data-research/research-and-evaluation/901119"
permalink_url: "https://mdrss.com/m/901119"
thread_url: "https://mdrss.com/s/data-research"
markdown_url: "https://mdrss.com/data-research/research-and-evaluation/901119/901119.md"
title: "Must-read Papers on Legal Intelligence"
annotation: "1. How Does NLP Benefit Legal System: A Summary of Legal Artificial Intelligence. Use it to build a structured path from fundamentals to hands-on practice."
state: published
thread: data-research
domain: data-research
category: research-and-evaluation
type: guide
tags: ["data-research", "research-and-evaluation", "legal", "intelligence", "must-read", "papers", "information", "research", "collider-club"]
ontology_terms: ["concept:research-and-evaluation", "org:collider-club"]
relation_terms: []
license: "MIT"
version: 1
snapshot_at: "2026-08-04T16:17:00.000Z"
source_url: "https://github.com/thunlp/LegalPapers"
source_kind: "collider-club-curated"
platform_scam_risk: 5
platform_evidence_score: 100
evidence_urls:
- "https://github.com/thunlp/LegalPapers"
- "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/thunlp/LegalPapers/5ee207ede9acc3da06c5bd1aeb2b11dbac82dc1f/README.md"
- "https://collider.club"
- "https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT"
---
# Must-read Papers on Legal Intelligence
> 1. How Does NLP Benefit Legal System: A Summary of Legal Artificial Intelligence. Use it to build a structured path from fundamentals to hands-on practice.
> Editorial note: curated source snapshot published by [Collider.club](https://collider.club) under the MIT License. Source attribution is preserved in the front matter.
## Source snapshot
# Must-read Papers on Legal Intelligence
Contributed by Chaojun Xiao, Haoxi Zhong, Yutao Sun
## Overview of Legal Intelligence
1. **How Does NLP Benefit Legal System: A Summary of Legal Artificial Intelligence**.
*Haoxi Zhong, Chaojun Xiao, Cunchao Tu, Tianyang Zhang, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun*. ACL 2020. [[pdf](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.12158)]
## Datasets
| Dataset | Task | Language | Size |
| ------------------------------------------------ | ----------------------- | --------------- | ------------------------------ |
| [Gamper (2000)](#Gamper) | Parallel Corpus | Italian, German | 5m words |
| [Grover et al. (2004)](#Grover) | Summarization | English | 40 documents, 12k sentences |
| [Hoekstra et al. (2007)](#Hoekstra) | Ontology | English | 2378 concepts |
| [Demenko et al. (2008)](#Demenko) | Speech | Polish | 2h vocal material |
| [Cvrcek et al. (2012)](#Cvrcek) | Dictionary | Czech | 10k entries, 20k terms |
| [Fawei et al. (2016)](#Fawei) | Question Answering | English | 400 questions |
| [Locke et al. (2018)](#Locke) | Information Retrieve | English | 3m decisions, 2572 assessments |
| [Araujo et al. (2018)](#Lenerbr) | Name Entity Recognition | Portuguese | 70 documents |
| [Kano et al. (2018)](#Kano) | IR and QA | Japanese | 285 queries, 651 questions |
| [Xiao et al. (2018)](#XiaoCAIL2018) | Judgment Prediction | Chinese | 2.68m documents |
| [Manor et al. (2019)](#Manor) | Summarization | English | 505 sets, 175 documents |
| [Chalkidis et al. (2019a)](#ChalkidisNeural) | Judgment Prediction | English | 11.5k documents |
| [Chalkidis et al. (2019b)](#ChalkidisLargeScale) | Classification | English | 57k documents, 4.3k labels |
| [Duan et al. (2019)](#Duan) | Reading Comprehension | Chinese | 50k questions, 10k documents |
| [Xiao et al. (2019)](#XiaoCAIL2019) | Similar Case Matching | Chinese | 9k triplets of documents |
| [Zhong et al. (2020)](#ZhongJECQA) | Question Answering | Chinese | 30k questions, 80k articles |
1. **A parallel corpus of Italian/German legal texts.**
*Johann Gamper.* LREC 2000. [[pdf](http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/140.pdf)]
2. **The HOLJ corpus: supporting summarisation of legal texts**.
*Claire Grover, Ben Hachey, Ian Hughson.* COLING 2004. [[pdf](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1907)]
3. **The lkif core ontology of basic legal concepts.**
*Rinke Hoekstra, Joost Breuker, Marcello Di Bello, Alexander Boer.* 2007. [[pdf](http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-321/LOAIT07-Proceedings.pdf#page=43)]
4. **JURISDIC: Polish speech database for taking dictation of legal texts.**
*Grazyna Demenko, Stefan Grocholewski, Katarzyna Klessa, Jerzy Ogorkiewicz, Agnieszka Wagner, Marek Lange, Daniel Sledzinski, Natalia Cylwik.* LREC 2008. [[pdf](http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/326_paper.pdf)]
5. **Legal electronic dictionary for Czech.**
*Frantisek Cvrcek, Karel Pala, Pavel Rychly*. LREC 2012. [[pdf](http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/775_Paper.pdf)]
6. **Passing a USA national bar exam: a first corpus for experimentation.**
*Biralatei Fawei, Adam Wyner, Jeff Pan.* LREC 2016. [[pdf](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1538)]
7. **A Test Collection for Evaluating Legal Case Law Search**.
*Daniel Locke, Guido Zuccon.* SIGIR 2018. [[pdf](https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3209978.3210161)]
8. **Coliee-2018: Evaluation of the competition on legal information extraction and entailment.**
*Yoshinobu Kano, Mi-Young Kim, Masaharu Yoshioka, Yao Lu, Juliano Rabelo, Naoki Kiyota, Randy
Goebel, Ken Satoh.* JSAI 2018. [[pdf](https://sites.ualberta.ca/~rabelo/COLIEE2019/COLIEE2018_CL_summary.pdf)]
9. **Lener-br: A dataset for named entity recognition in brazilian legal text.**
*Pedro Henrique Luz de Araujo, Te¨®filo E. de Campos, Renato R. R. de Oliveira, Matheus Stauffer, Samuel Couto, Paulo Bermejo.* PROPOR 2018. [[pdf](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-99722-3_32)]
10. **CAIL2018: A Large-Scale Legal Dataset for Judgment Prediction**.
*Chaojun Xiao, Haoxi Zhong, Zhipeng Guo, Cunchao Tu, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun, Yansong Feng, Xianpei Han, Zhen Hu, Heng Wang, Jianfeng Xu*. [[pdf]()]
11. **Plain English summarization of contracts.**
*Laura Manor, Junyi Jessy Li.* Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2019. [[pdf](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W19-2201)]
12. **Neural Legal Judgment Prediction in English**.
*Ilias Chalkidis, Ion Androutsopoulos, Nikolaos Aletras*. ACL 2019. [[pdf]()]
13. **Large-Scale Multi-Label Text Classification on EU Legislation**.
*Ilias Chalkidis, Manos Fergadiotis, Prodromos Malakasiotis, Ion Androutsopoulos*. ACL 2019. [[pdf]()]
14. **Cjrc: A reliable human-annotated benchmark dataset for chinese judicial reading comprehension.**
*Xingyi Duan, Baoxin Wang, Ziyue Wang, Wentao Ma, Yiming Cui, Dayong Wu, Shijin Wang, Ting Liu, Tianxiang Huo, Zhen Hu.* CCL 2019. [[pdf](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.09156.pdf)]
15. **Cail2019-scm: A dataset of similar case matching in legal domain.**
*Chaojun Xiao, Haoxi Zhong, Zhipeng Guo, Cunchao Tu, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun, Tianyang Zhang, Xianpei Han, Heng Wang, Jianfeng Xu.* [[pdf](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1911.08962)]
16. **Jec-qa: A legal-domain question answering dataset.**
*Haoxi Zhong, Chaojun Xiao, Cunchao Tu, Tianyang Zhang, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun.* AAAI 2020. [[pdf](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1911.12011)]
## Legal Judgment Prediction
1. **Learning to predict charges for criminal cases with legal basis**.
*Bingfeng Luo, Yansong Feng, Jianbo Xu, Xiang Zhang, Dongyan Zhao*. EMNLP 2017. [[pdf]()]
2. **Few-shot charge prediction with discriminative legal attributes**.
*Zikun Hu, Xiang Li, Cunchao Tu, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun*. COLING 2018. [[pdf]((https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/papers/C/C18/C18-1041/))]
3. **Legal Judgment Prediction via Topological Learning**.
*Haoxi Zhong, Zhipeng Guo, Cunchao Tu, Chaojun Xiao, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun*. EMNLP 2018. [[pdf]()]
4. **Interpretable Rationale Augmented Charge Prediction System**.
*Xin Jiang, Hai Ye, Zhunchen Luo, Wenhan Chao, Wenjia Ma*. COLING 2018. [[pdf]()]
5. **Legal Article-Aware End-To-End Memory Network for Charge Prediction**.
*Yatian Shen, Jun Sun, Xiaopeng Li, Lei Zhang, Yan Li, Xiajiong Shen*. CSAE 2018. [[pdf](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3278068)]
6. **SECaps: A Sequence Enhanced Capsule Model for Charge Prediction**.
*Congqing He, Li Peng, Yuquan Le, Jiawei He, and Xiangyu Zhu*. [[pdf]()]
7. **Automatic Judgment Prediction via Legal Reading Comprehension**.
*Shangbang Long, Cunchao Tu, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun*. [[pdf]()]
8. **A Markov Logic Networks Based Method to Predict Judicial Decisions of Divorce Cases**.
*Jiajing Li, Guoying Zhang, Hongfei Yan, Longxue Yu, Tao Meng*. IEEE SmartCloud. [[pdf]()]
9. **Legal Judgment Prediction via Multi-Perspective Bi-Feedback Network**.
*Wenmian Yang, Weijia Jia, Xiaojie Zhou, Yutao Luo*. IJCAI 2019. [[pdf]()]
10. **Law text classification using semi-supervised convolutional neural networks**.
*Penghua Li, Fen Zhao, Yuanyuan Li, Ziqin Zhu*. CCDC. [[pdf]()]
11. **Exploring the Use of Text Classification in the Legal Domain**.
*Octavia-Maria Sulea, Marcos Zampieri, Shervin Malmasi, Mihaela Vela, Liviu P. Dinu, Josef van Genabith*. [[pdf]([http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2143/paper5.pdf](http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2143/paper5.pdf))]
12. **Predicting the Law Area and Decisions of French Supreme Court Cases**.
*Octavia-Maria Sulea, Marcos Zampieri, Mihaela Vela, Josef van Genabith*. RANLP 2017. [[pdf](https://www.acl-bg.org/proceedings/2017/RANLP%202017/pdf/RANLP092.pdf)]
13. **JUMPER: Learning When to Make Classification Decisions in Reading**.
*Xianggen Liu, Lili Mou, Haotian Cui, Zhengdong Lu, Sen Song*. IJCAL 2018. [[pdf](https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/0589.pdf)]
14. **Generalize Symbolic Knowledge With Neural Rule Engine**.
*Shen Li, Hengru Xu, Zhengdong Lu*. [[pdf](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1808.10326.pdf)]
15. **An External Knowledge Enhanced Multi-label Charge Prediction Approach with Label Number Learning**.
*Duan Wei, Li Lin*. [[pdf](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.02205.pdf)]
16. **Machine learning for explaining and ranking the most influential matters of law**.
*Max R. S. Marques, Tommaso Bianco, Maxime Roodnejad, Thomas Baduel, Claude Berrou*. ICAIL 2019. [[pdf](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3326734)]
17. **Charge-Based Prison Term Prediction with Deep Gating Network**.
*Huajie Chen, Deng Cai, Wei Dai, Zehui Dai, Yadong Ding*. EMNLP-IJCNLP 2019. [[pdf](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-1667.pdf)]
18. **Iteratively Questioning and Answering for Interpretable Legal Judgment Prediction**.
*Haoxi Zhong, Yuzhong Wang, Cunchao Tu, Tianyang Zhang, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun*. AAAI 2020. [[pdf](https://www.aaai.org/Papers/AAAI/2020GB/AAAI-ZhongH.7101.pdf)]
19. **Distinguish Confusing Law Articles for Legal Judgment Prediction**.
*Nuo Xu, Pinghui Wang, Long Chen, Li Pan, Xiaoyan Wang, Junzhou Zhao*. ACL 2020. [[pdf](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.02557.pdf)]
## Court Views Generation
1. **Interpretable Charge Predictions for Criminal Cases: Learning to Generate Court Views from Fact Descriptions**.
*Hai Ye, Xin Jiang, Zhunchen Luo, Wenhan Chao*. NAACL-HLT 2018. [[pdf]()]
2. **De-Biased Court’s View Generation with Causality**.
*Yiquan Wu, Kun Kuang, Yating Zhang, Xiaozhong Liu, Changlong Sun, Jun Xiao1, Yueting Zhuang, Luo Si, Fei Wu*. EMNLP 2020. [[pdf]()]
## Information Extraction
#### Named Entity Recognition
1. **Named entity recognition in the legal domain for ontology population.**
*Mirian Bruckschen, Caio Northfleet, Paulo Bridi, Roger Granada, Renata Vieira, Prasad Rao, Tomas Sander.* 2010. [[pdf](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.232.9181&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=21)]
2. **Legal NERC with ontologies, Wikipedia and curriculum learning.**
*Cristian Cardellino, Milagro Teruel, Laura Alonso Alemany, Serena Villata.* EACL 2017. [[pdf](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-2041.pdf)]
3. **A Low-cost, High-coverage Legal Named Entity Recognizer, Classifier and Linker.**
*Cristian Cardellino, Milagro Teruel, Laura Alonso Alemany, Serena Villata.* 2017. [[pdf](https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01541446/file/main.pdf)]
4. **Legal Entity Extraction with NER Systems.**
*Ines Badji.* 2018. [[pdf](https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a842/960783d6b734eeb18ec6173218d7d34d6bbb.pdf)]
5. **Deep Learning for Named-Entity Linking with Transfer Learning for Legal Documents.**
*Ahmed Elnaggar, Robin Otto, Florian Matthes.* AICCC 2018. [[pdf](https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3299819.3299846)]
6. **Neural Entity Reasoner for Global Consistency in Named Entity Recognition.**
*Xiaoxiao Yin, Daqi Zheng, Zhengdong Lu, Ruifang Liu.* 2018. [[pdf](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.00347)]
7. **Fine-Grained Named Entity Recognition in Legal Documents.**
*Elena Leitner, Georg Rehm, Julian Moreno-Schneider.* SEMANTiCS 2019. [[pdf](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-33220-4_20)]
#### Event Extraction
1. **Event extraction and temporal reasoning in legal documents.**
*Frank Schilder.* 2005. [[pdf](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/1783514.1783519)]
2. **Event extraction for legal case building and reasoning.**
*Nikolaos Lagos, Frederique Segond, Stefania Castellani, Jacki O¡¯Neill.* IIP 2010. [[pdf](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-16327-2_14)]
3. **Event Identification as a Decision Process with Non-linear Representation of Text.**
*YukunYan, Daqi Zheng, Zhengdong Lu, Sen Song*. [[pdf](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1710.00969.pdf)]
4. **Apply event extraction techniques to the judicial field.**
*Chuanyi Li, Yu Sheng, Jidong Ge, Bin Luo.* 2019. [[pdf](https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3341162.3345608)]
#### Others
1. **Semantic mark-up of Italian legal texts through NLPbased techniques. **
*Roberto Bartolini, Alessandro Lenci, Simonetta Montemagni, Vito Pirrelli, Claudia Soria.* LREC 2004. [[pdf](http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/709.pdf)]
2. **Legal aspects of text mining.**
*Maarten Truyens and Patrick Van Eecke.* LREC 2014. [[pdf](https://repository.uantwerpen.be/docman/irua/3dadb2/127790.pdf)]
3. **Litigation Analytics: Case Outcomes Extracted from US Federal Court Dockets**.
*Thomas Vacek, Ronald Teo, Dezhao Song, Conner Cowling, Frank Schilder, Timothy Nugent*. NAACL Workshop 2019. [[pdf](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2206)]
4. **A Sequence Approach to Case Outcome Detection**.
*Tom Vacek, Frank Schilder*. ICAIL 2017. [[pdf](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3086512.3086534)]
5. **Extracting the Gist of Chinese Judgments of the Supreme Court.**
*Chaolin Liu, Kuanchun Chen.* ICAIL 2019. [[pdf](https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3322640.3326715)]
## Information Retrieval
1. **Analyzing the extraction of relevant legal judgments using paragraph-level and citation information**.
*Raghav K, Reddy P K, Reddy V B*. ECAI 2016. [[pdf](http://www.ecai2016.org/content/uploads/2016/08/W2-ai4j-2016.pdf#page=34)]
2. **On the concept of relevance in legal information retrieval**.
*Marc Van Opijnen, Cristiana Santos*. ECAI 2016. [[pdf](http://www.ecai2016.org/content/uploads/2016/08/W2-ai4j-2016.pdf#page=82)]
3. **Building legal case retrieval systems with lexical matching and summarization using a pretrained phrase scoring model**.
*Vu Tran, Minh Le Nguyen, Ken Satoh*. [[pdf](https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3322640.3326740)]
4. **Legal document retrieval using document vector embeddings and deep learning**.
*Keet Sugathadasa, Buddhi Ayesha, Nisansa de Silva, Amal Shehan Perera, Vindula Jayawardana, Dimuthu Lakmal, Madhavi Perera*. [[pdf](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1805.10685.pdf)]
## Legal Text Summarization
1. **Automatic summarisation of legal documents.**
*Claire Grover, Ben Hachey, Lan Hugson, Chris Korycinski.* ICAIL 2003. [[pdf](https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/1047788.1047839)]
2. **Summarising legal texts: Sentential tense and argumentative roles.**
*Claire Grover, Ben Hachey, Chris Korycinski.* NAACL 2003. [[pdf](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0505.pdf)]
3. **A Rhetorical Status Classifier for Legal Text Summarisation.**
*Ben Hachey, Claire Grover.* ACL Workshop 2004. [[pdf](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1007.pdf)]
4. **Sentence extraction for legal text summarisation.**
*Ben Hachey, Claire Grover.* IJCAI 2005. [[pdf](http://benhachey.info/pubs/poster450.pdf)]
5. **Legal Document Summarization using Latent Dirichlet Allocation.**
*Ravi Kumar V, K. Raghuveer.* IJCST 2012. [[pdf](https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/40de/6ed958c78d17a687851105fc6e95f80b05f9.pdf)]
6. **Text summarization from legal documents: a survey**.
*Ambedkar Kanapala, Sukomal PalRajendra Pamula*. Artificial Intelligence Review 2019. [[pdf](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-017-9566-2)]
7. **A Comparative Study of Summarization Algorithms Applied to Legal Case Judgments**.
*Paheli Bhattacharya, Kaustubh Hiware, Subham Rajgaria, Nilay Pochhi, Kripabandhu Ghosh, Saptarshi Ghosh*. ECIR 2019. [[pdf](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-15712-8_27)]
8. **A Novel Approach of Augmenting Training Data for Legal Text Segmentation by Leveraging Domain Knowledge.**
*Rupali Sunil Wagh, Deepa Anand.* Technologies and Applications 2020. [[pdf](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-13-6095-4_4)]
## Legal Question Answering
1. **Lexical-Morphological Modeling for Legal Text Analysis**.
*Danilo S. Carvalho, Minh-Tien Nguyen, Chien-Xuan Tran, Minh-Le Nguyen*. COLIEE 2017. [[pdf]()]
2. **Legal Question Answering using Ranking SVM and Deep Convolutional Neural Network**.
*Phong-Khac Do, Huy-Tien Nguyen, Chien-Xuan Tran, Minh-Tien Nguyen, Minh-Le Nguyen*. COLIEE 2017. [[pdf]()]
3. **Multi-Task CNN for Classification of Chinese Legal Questions**.
*Guangyi Xiao, Jiqian Mo, Even Chow, Hao Chen, Jingzhi Guo, Zhiguo Gong*. ICEBE 2017. [[pdf](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8119134)]
4. **Chinese Questions Classification in the Law Domain**.
*Guangyi Xiao, Even Chow, Hao Chen, Jiqian Mo, Jingzhi Guo, Zhiguo Gong*. ICEBE 2017. [[pdf](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8119153)]
5. **Answering Legal Questions by Learning Neural Attentive Text Representation**
*Phi Manh Kien, Ha-Thanh Nguyen, Ngo Xuan Bach, Vu Tran, Minh Le Nguyen, Tu Minh Phuong*. ACL 2020. [[pdf](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.coling-main.86/)]
## Semantical Parsing
1. **Object-oriented Neural Programming (OONP) for Document Understanding**.
*Zhengdong Lu, Xianggen Liu, Haotian Cui, Yukun Yan, Daqi Zheng*. ACL 2018. [[pdf](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P18-1253)]
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